Patents and their role Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Patents and their role - Essay Example Introduction Writers, inventors, artist, scientists transform their idea into tangible products or property which is reflective of all the research and effort done in achieving that final product. When this property is protected under the law it is called intellectual property rights (IP). Patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets are all examples of intellectual property rights. Inventions, innovations, discoveries and artistic work etc. are as old as human history then why patents are required now. With the onset of globalization and communication mediums such as internet etc. information and knowledge transfers very easily at a very high speed. Patent rights prevent others from copying, making, using or selling the property. Patent is basically a reward to the inventor. This paper aims at studying in detail what exactly patent rights are? What was the need of their development and implementation? Some research related to rules and regulations of the patent law will also be conducted. The paper will also discuss the importance and benefits of patents. Intellectual Property Rights Intellectual property can be defined as the product of human intellect which have commercial value and that is protected by law. Intellectual property generally includes creative works, products, processes, imagery, inventions and services. These intellectual properties are protected through patents, copyrights and trademarks. Intellectual property rights along with other regulations and court decisions secure the rights through following activities. Firstly it includes restriction on selling or licensing of intellectual properties. Secondly, resolution of conflict between companies over intellectual properties and services. Lastly it involves administrative procedures such as registration and administration of intellectual property rights. There are three types of intellectual property rights patent law, copy right law and trademark law. Patent types Patent law is further di vided into three categories according to the type of the product. The three categories are utility, design and plant. The most common type of patent right is utility patent. Utility patent is usually reserved for the invention of a new yet non-obvious product. The inventor of this innovative product is granted the exclusive right of selling, using and making of this product for a period of about 17-18 years. The patent granted for new but nonfunctional design is for the period of 14 years. The expiry date of the patent of plant is the longest it lasts for twenty years (Stim). Utility patents as described above are reserved for new, non-obvious, innovative and useful discoveries. These discoveries are further categorized into five types namely processes, machines, manufacturers, compositions of matter or improvement into any of these types. Design pattern is granted for an article of manufacturer (Law). Features of Patent A patent is not just a legal document but it is a technical pu blication and it even serves the purpose of a sales brochure. It is called a technical document because it must contain sufficient information about the product which is useful for person interested in making and using the patent. Such a document is a source of technical information for the public which is not available otherwise. It also serves the purpos

Consumerism in china Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Consumerism in china - Essay Example It is estimated that in 2015, China will bring to the global arena a total of one hundred and fifty million consumers most of which will be spending close to forty thousand dollars in annual incomes. These staggering figures indicate that China will take centre stage to the world's biggest spender. (Davis, 2000) Experts assert that one of the major reasons behind this spending boom is that the Chinese posses characteristics similar to their American counterparts; they have a huge appetite for material things. Consequently, most of them are willing to embrace whichever products or commodities are presented to them. Consumerism is also determined by a country's overall population. Because of China's huge geographical size and their corresponding population sizes, China has a large internal market for purchasing items from the international arena and also from within their country. (Zhao, 1997) It should be noted that most people have assumed that the Chinese are too conservative with their money (this is true when compared to the US since China has a forty percent saving rate) but this may not necessarily have caused low expenditure in the nineteen nineties. At that time, most people were not interested in purchasing things because there was minimal competition in their product and service industries and this presented them with very few options to choose from. The latter issues have however changed over the past few years. This is largely manifested by the surge in the real estate or housing sector. Electronics goods available to the low end consumer can be found quite easily. The country's entertainment and sports arenas have grown by leaps and bounds and rising cities are found all over. These sectors all provide room for the Chinese buyer who is eager to spend his or her money. Problems brought by consumerism in China Most economists assert that China's rising consumerism will have an effect in almost all parts of the world. The United States will be particularly affected by this issue owing to the fact that different parts of the Stock market have to take these issues into account. For instance, treasury bonds sales are affected by China which currently accounts for a huge chunk of US debt (approximated at one hundred and eighty dollars) besides this, the US economy has to take into account some of the costs of goods and the interests rates that companies in the country have to tackle because of the goings on in China's market. (Edmund, 2006) Many experts assert that the growing consumerism within China is not a common trait in all parts of the country. Certain provinces such as Ningxia are subsistence based as most of them may not have the money or the ability to buy some of the luxury items that other provinces can afford. In fact, this pattern has been repeated in so many other areas in China. The urban areas are largely populated by many high income workers and this group is what makes up the consumer market. However, rural areas (which account for a large portion of China) are not in a similar position. Experts claim that the rising consumerism in China could lead to greater disparities between the rural poor and the urban rich. This may impede the overall development of the country. (Li, 2008) Many environmentalists also

Implementation of ecotourism principles in Pembrokeshire Coastal Research Paper

Implementation of ecotourism principles in Pembrokeshire Coastal National Park - Research Paper Example arch is carried out which discusses about the implementation of ecotourism in Pembrokeshire Coastal National Park (PCNP) and the reasons why it has been referred as an ecotourism site. The procedure thus followed in this project is mainly secondary and descriptive research followed by primary research.  (Visit Prembrokeshire 2009; Prembrokeshire coast National Park, n.d.; Stopher and Metcalf, 1996)    Primary data being a direct source of information is more reliable as it is collected directly by interviewing the relevant person or from government records. There is no possibility of the data being modified by a third party and this helps in deciding which analytical techniques to use and how to interpret the results. There cannot be a better way to study the tourism industry, which is formed by tourists from different cultural and emotional background, and whether they as well as the local people are aware of the importance of sustainable development and their views about the implementation of ecotourism. At times, much relevant information cannot be gathered from official sources. First- hand information hence can be more apt.   But one disadvantage of primary research is that, it may not be always possible for individuals to travel due to time and financial constraints. (Ithaca College library, August 2009) The secondary research done here is based on existing works in this field. The resources are gathered from government publications, books, journals and articles of the United Nations Environment Program and economic periodicals. This is the very essence of secondary research. Such a research is advantageous as it saves time and money incurred for the research with easy and fast  collection of data. Often secondary data is available for broad subjects about which it would be impossible to gather primary data. But the negatives lies in the fact that the quality of secondary research need to be scrutinized as the source is questionable and there is a

Financial Analysis for Managers Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial Analysis for Managers - Article Example However, the highly competitive nature of today’s corporate world has given rise to an essence of unethical behaviour which underlies a majority of business operations; in order to ensure their success. Many a times, unethical behaviour in the workplace has an immense negative impact on the organization and its employees. These effects can be psychological, financial, social, or even bureaucratic in nature. Financially speaking, if a company adheres to unethical means, then it endangers its image in the eyes of the public, and less people would be interested in dealing with the firm. These may include suppliers, financial institutions, customers and distributors. Such a trade-less condition obviously is a set-back to the revenue, and thus the profit of the company. Moreover, from an intra-firm point of view, employees would have lesser faith in a company which does not deal ethically with the public, as there emerges a possibility of the firm using corrupt means against employ ees; if need be someday. Not only does this encourage the existing workforce to leave the firm, it also keeps potential employees to join the firm. This proves to be disastrous for the company’s overall growth and progress.

Liberalization Policies of the 1990 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Liberalization Policies of the 1990 - Essay Example These include almost all sectors that contribute to the growth of the economy of any country. It was thus a big issue at hand since US was still claiming the title of being a super power, which meant that for that to be confirmed to be true in the international arena, then it was inevitable for the US to do something to boost the economic growth. This culminated to the establishment of the liberalization policies that brought an economic boom on the US that has persisted even today. The American government concentrated much on establishing free trade that enhanced flow of goods and services produced hence increasing production process for the entire world. Rather than focusing on tariff reduction, the US policies were based on organization for economic cooperation development (OECD) in order to create transparency in 1990s by accepting to outlaw the action of bribing foreign government officials to gain trade advantage over other nations. In addition, the US urges international commu nities to deregulate their firms and industries and take measures to ensure that existing regulations are transparent and do not bias against foreign firms and companies, and are in line with international policies. To keep the train moving, liberalization simply means an economic idea of loosening the rules and regulations that govern international trade with an aim of attracting more revenue to the US to enhance the economic status that had been adversely affected by the Second World War. During world war, US economy was deeply damaged and infringed in that it was mandated to rescue European nations that were falling. This led to the principled idea of harnessing of the human capital and the development of technology especially through higher education, which was viewed as a future investment strategy (Adler 45). It is good to note that it is at this point in time that the government enforced economic machineries, which were meant to counter check the growth of the economy. In thi s attempt to bring a rapid change of growth, five policies were developed and enhanced in different sectors. One of these policies was the restructuring of the yearly budget of the federal government

Training Activity Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Training Activity - Coursework Example The general staff needs to be trained to follow the policies and procedures of the new company, Massive Computers. Each organization has a different culture and the new company’s culture and way of doing things must be communicated across to the employees so that they may adjust to the new environment and feel a part of the group. Of course, the new management needs to filter out candidates who they feel are not going to be part of the new regime. These employees can be made redundant based on age, qualifications, work experience with the company and a number of other criteria including, but not limited to, ability to adapt to surroundings. The remaining ones should then be notified of their job security so that they will be motivated and be willing to co-operate and be a part of the new training program. Whatever the management has planned for the long-term future of the company should be communicated to the employees so as to avoid ambiguity, apprehensiveness and make them f eel a part of the group. Short-term operational planning decisions should also be communicated here. Employees can be trained by their supervisors and should be fully trained and motivated for work, preferably in under a month. Program 2 – Middle Management The middle management should be given training regarding the tactical side of things and be communicated the medium term objectives so that they may be able to handle their subordinates.... They should also be trained to keep employees motivated and aligned with the organizational goals so as to ensure that nobody falls off-track. Middle-level managers can be provided training in areas which were previously not under their control but would now be under the new management. The training division, in collaboration with the local HR department should provide this training to the middle-management and the entire process should be concluded in a matter of two weeks. Program 3 – Senior Management The senior management should be provided training pertaining to the strategic aspects of conducting business. The surviving members of the old management should be brought up to date with the methods being used by their American colleagues. Empowerment techniques should also be taught so as to help these members of the senior management feel comfortable when delegating authority and learning to trust their subordinates. Since most of the senior management comprises of American s, they should be trained to learn aspects of the Australian culture that are relevant to conducting business here so as to better understand their employees and the working environment. This program should be conducted in an informal, off-the-job setting such as at a hotel suite, where the new and old members can get to know each other in a relaxed atmosphere and exchange ideas. The local executives can teach their American counterparts about the Australian culture whereas the Americans can teach the locals about how they want things to work and what direction they expect the company to be heading in. The duration of the meeting should be kept short and must be concluded in under one week at best. Training Evaluation Evaluation is a

Quality Assurance & Control in the Procurement Chain (Oil & Gas Dissertation

Quality Assurance & Control in the Procurement Chain (Oil & Gas Industry) - Dissertation Example This concern can be stated as quite vital for the oil and gas companies as the products offered by the industry is termed to be inelastic providing minimum opportunity to the customers to switch to substitute products (Slocum, 2006). The research study proposed in this paper shall emphasise on this aspect of quality assurance and control measures as considered by the oil and gas companies. Further description of this paper will thereby focus on identifying the particulars of the research process intended to be executed. In other words, a comprehensive and detailed outline of the research planning shall be provided in this paper with due consideration to the research problem, research questions and the research methodology to be followed in the study. II. Literature Review Various measures had been considered in concern to the aspect of quality assurance and control in the oil and gas companies. These include environmental regulations and procurement rules imposed by the government wi th the intention to standardise the operations of the industry players. ... Companies should also intend maintaining a community standard in their operations as directed in the programme (Gao, 1998). In the current day context, gas and oil industry plays a significant role for an economy. The industry nearly contributed 24% to the total GDP earning of the UK in 2008. The industry also witnessed a significant rise in the investors’ interest. This in turn significantly enhanced the profitability of major industry players with inelastic consumer demand and increased financial strength (UK National Statistics, 2009). However, from an in-depth perspective it can be observed that the taxation charges were increased in the recent years. To be illustrated, the budget planned in 2011 stated a hike in revenue tax charges from 20% in the prior fiscal year, i.e. 2010-2011, to 32% in the current fiscal year, i.e. 2011-2012. It is worth mentioning that the UK oil and gas industry was recognised to be one of the most stable industries in comparison to the energy ind ustries of other economies. With strong barriers to the price hike in the industry, the UK government also focussed on relatively secure tax regimes that provided the investors in the industry with certainty assurance (Energy and Climate Change Committee Inquiry, 2011). On the similar context, it can be stated that with strict regulatory barriers the oil and gas industry in the UK is likely to face various challenges in maintaining its profit. According to the report forwarded by Energy and Climate Change Committee (2011), there are various challenges likely to be faced by the oil and gas industry in the economy due to the increase in tax charges. For instance, the industry is likely to witness decelerated investment operations that in turn shall